Photovoltaics - The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic system.

Photovoltaics - The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic system.

Photovoltaics - The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic system.

Photovoltaics - The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic system:

What is the conversion efficiency of a solar photovoltaic system?

Equipment efficiency = useful energy production / energy input.

In the case of a solar photovoltaic system, the efficiency is about 15%, which means that if we have 1 m of cell surface for every 100 W / m of incident radiation only 15 W will be delivered to the circuit.

Cell efficiency SPV = 15 W / m 2 / 100 W / m 2 = 15%.

In the case of lead acid batteries, we can distinguish between two types of efficiency, Coulomb efficiency (or Ah or Amp-hour) and energy efficiency (either Wh or Watt-hour). In the charging process that converts electricity into chemical energy, the Ah efficiency is about 90% and the energy efficiency is about 75%.

Photovoltaics - The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic system.

Photovoltaics - The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic system.

How do solar photovoltaic systems work?

Construction of solar photovoltaic system cells

The raw material is the second in abundance quartz (sand). Quartz is a widespread mineral. It is available in many varieties and consists mainly of silicon dioxide or silicon dioxide (SiO2) with small amounts of impurities such as lithium, sodium, potassium and titanium.
The process of making solar cells from silicon wafers includes three categories of industries
a.) industries that produce solar cells
quartz b.) industries that produce solar cells from quartz and
c.) industries that use silicon wafers to produce solar cells

How are silicon wafers made in solar photovoltaic systems?

As a first step, the pure silicon produced by the reduction and the purification of crude silicon in quartz. Cz-ralski procedure (Cz) : The photovoltaic industry currently uses two main pathways to convert the polysilicon feedstock to ready-made wafers: the monocrystalline pathway using the Cz-ralski (Cz) process and the polycrystalline pathway using the process directional solidification (DS). The main difference between the two methods is how the polysilicon melts, how the ingot is formed, the ingot size and how the ingot is shaped into bricks to cut the wafer

  • Czochralski procedure (Cz) : The Cz method produces cylindrical ingots, which are then subjected to multiple stages of tape sawing and wire sawing to produce wafers. For a typical 24 χ diameter crucible with an initial load weight of about 180 kg, it takes about 35 hours for the polysilicon to melt in the Cz crucible, to immerse the seed in the melt and to pull out the neck, shoulders, body and extreme cone. . . The result is a Cz cylindrical chip with a mass of 150-200 kg. To leave behind metals and other contaminants, it is necessary to leave 2-4 kg of scrap in the crucible.
  • Directional solidification process (DS) : DS polycrystalline wafers are made from shorter but wider, heavier bricks - about 800 kg - in the shape of cubes when the polycrystalline silicon melts in a quartz crucible. After the polysilicon melts, the DS process is triggered by creating a temperature step, at which the bottom surface of the crucible is cooled at a certain rate. Similar to Cz ingots, some of the DS ingots produced during the planting and squaring process can be replicated for use in future generations of ingots. However, in the case of DS ingots, the upper part is usually not recycled due to the high concentration of impurities.

Since the process begins with a cube-shaped melting crucible, the ingots and DS wafers are natural squares, making it easy to create polycrystalline base cells that can basically occupy the entire area throughout the unit. It takes about 76 hours to produce a typical DS silicon rod, sawn by cutting 6 x 6 into 36 bricks. A typical finished brick has a full square cross section of 156,75 mm x 156,75 mm (246 cm2 surface) and a height of 286 mm, yielding 1.040 wafers per brick per brick when the thickness of the wafer is 180 μm. 95 μm. Therefore, each DS bar can produce 35.000-40.000 wafers.

The solar photovoltaic systems are they minimally energy efficient?

Today's solar photovoltaic systems convert only about 10 to 14 percent of their radiant energy into electricity. Fossil fuel units, on the other hand, convert 30-40% of the chemical energy of their fuels into electricity. The efficiency of electrochemical power conversion is much higher, as high as 90% to 95%.

 

Photovoltaics - Classification and synthesis of photovoltaic systems
Photovoltaics - Different types of photovoltaic systems

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Photovoltaic - The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic system.,

Photovoltaic - The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic system.,

Photovoltaics - The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic system, silicon wafers, or cell construction.

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